A note of Anti-satellite weapons.

Back in September 1985, F-15 of the US Air-force launched a vertical ASAT missile at the Solwind P78-1, a U.S. gamma ray spectroscopy satellite. In February 2008, the US Navy destroyed a spy satellite using RIM-161 Standard Missile 3 which is jointly operated by United States Navy and Japan Maritime Self-Defence Force.

The Doctrine of Basic Structure in India and other nations

India: Doctrine of Basic Structure was recognized for the first time as a concept by the Honorable Supreme Court of India in the Kesavananda Bharati case (1973).

It’s an Indian innovation in which the court declared that Article 368 (the power to amend constitution) did not enable Parliament to alter the basic structure or framework of the Constitution and parliament could not use its amending powers under Article 368 to ‘damage’, ’emasculate’, ‘destroy’, ‘abrogate’, ‘change’ or ‘alter’ the ‘basic structure’ or framework of the constitution. This decision is not just a landmark in the evolution of constitutional law, but a turning point in constitutional history.

The Story of Catalonia: Redemption or Solidarity?

History:

• Catalonia was an independent region of the Iberian Peninsula – modern-day Spain and Portugal – with its own language, laws and customs. In 1150, the marriage of Petronilia, Queen of Aragon and Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona formed a dynasty leaving their son to inherit all territories